Association between hypertension and quality of life in pregnancy.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between hypertension in pregnancy and women's quality of life (QoL) and the variation in the quality of life over gestational trimesters. METHOD: A questionnaire was applied to 194 hypertensive pregnant women and 195 pregnant women without complications. The questionnaire was composed of two parts: socioeconomic profile and specifically QoL, using the instrument Ferrans & Powers Quality of Life Index. All women included underwent a physical examination. RESULTS: Blood pressure was found to be approximately 20 mmHg higher in hypertensive pregnant women compared to pregnant women without complications. All QoL domains of hypertensive pregnant women had lower scores than those of pregnant women without complications, with health/functioning rated the lowest, averaging 17.63. The least affected domain was family, having the best average score (26.0). The QoL had no significant variations in relation to gestational trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy causes intense changes, both physical and psychological, in women's lives and hypertension was found to be a factor of high interference in pregnant woman's QoL, causing lower scores in all QoL domains of hypertensive pregnant women, compared with pregnant woman without complications.

Determining respiratory system resistance and reactance by impulse oscillometry in obese individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate peripheral respiratory system resistance and reactance (Rrs and Xrs, respectively) in obese individuals. METHODS: We recruited 99 individuals, dividing them into four groups by body mass index (BMI): < 30.0 kg/m2 (control, n = 31); 30.0-39.9 kg/m2 (obesity, n = 13); 40.0-49.9 kg/m2 (severe obesity, n = 28); and ≥ 50.0 kg/m2 (morbid obesity, n = 13). Using impulse oscillometry, we measured total Rrs, central Rrs, and Xrs. Peripheral Rrs was calculated as the difference between total Rrs and central Rrs. All subjects also underwent spirometry. RESULTS: Of the 99 individuals recruited, 14 were excluded because they failed to perform forced expiratory maneuvers correctly during spirometry. The individuals in the severe obesity and morbid obesity groups showed higher peripheral Rrs and lower Xrs in comparison with those in the two other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Having a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 was associated with a significant increase in peripheral Rrs and with a decrease in Xrs.

Determining respiratory system resistance and reactance by impulse oscillometry in obese individuals / Resistência e reatância do sistema respiratório por oscilometria de impulso em indivíduos obesos

Objective: To evaluate peripheral respiratory system resistance and reactance (Rrs and Xrs, respectively) in obese individuals.Methods: We recruited 99 individuals, dividing them into four groups by body mass index (BMI): < 30.0 kg/m2 (control, n = 31); 30.0-39.9 kg/m2 (obesity, n = 13); 40.0-49.9 kg/m2 (severe obesity, n = 28); and ≥ 50.0 kg/m2 (morbid obesity, n = 13). Using impulse oscillometry, we measured total Rrs, central Rrs, and Xrs. Peripheral Rrs was calculated as the difference between total Rrs and central Rrs. All subjects also underwent spirometry.Results: Of the 99 individuals recruited, 14 were excluded because they failed to perform forced expiratory maneuvers correctly during spirometry. The individuals in the severe obesity and morbid obesity groups showed higher peripheral Rrs and lower Xrs in comparison with those in the two other groups.Conclusions: Having a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 was associated with a significant increase in peripheral Rrs and with a decrease in Xrs.

Objetivo: Avaliar a resistência do sistema respiratório (Rsr) periférica e a reatância (Xsr) em indivíduos obesos.Métodos: Recrutamos 99 indivíduos, divididos em quatro grupos pelo índice de massa corpórea (IMC): < 30,0 kg/m2; (controle, n = 31); 30,0-39,9 kg/m2 (obesidade, n = 13); 40,0-49,9 kg/m2 (obesidade grave, n = 28); e ≥ 50,0 kg/m2 (obesidade mórbida, n = 13). Utilizando oscilometria de impulso, foram mensuradas Rsr total, Rsr central, Xsr. A Rsr periférica foi calculada como a diferença entre Rsr total e Rsr central. Todos os indivíduos também foram submetidos a espirometria.Resultados: Entre os 99 indivíduos recrutados, 14 foram excluídos por incapacidade de executar corretamente as manobras expiratórias forçadas na espirometria. Os indivíduos dos grupos obesidade grave e obesidade mórbida apresentaram aumento da Rsr periférica e redução da Xsr quando comparados aos dos outros grupos.Conclusões: Ter IMC ≥ 40 kg/m2 associou-se com aumento significativo da Rsr periférica e redução da Xsr.

Relação entre índice tornozelo-braquial e doença aterosclerótica carotídea / Association between ankle-brachial index and carotid atherosclerotic disease

FUNDAMENTO: A associação do índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) com a medida do complexo médio intimal das artérias carótidas (MCMI) não está amplamente estudada. OBJETIVO: Objetivamos avaliar se pacientes com ITB < 0,9 apresentam maior prevalência de placa aterosclerótica carotídea do que aqueles com ITB > 0,9. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro a dezembro de 2011, recrutamos 118 pacientes (48 homens e 70 mulheres) que tiveram seus ITB e MCMI mensurados. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo 1 (ITB < 0,9) e grupo 2 (ITB > 0,9). Utilizamos os testes de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e Fischer para comparações entre os grupos. Para avaliar correlação entre ITB e MCMI empregamos a correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de ITB < 0,9 foi 29,7%, enquanto a da MCMI > 1,5 mm de 34,7%. Não houve diferença de características clínicas entre os grupos 1 e 2: idade média (64 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 7,2 anos, p = 0,1), homens (40% vs. 41%, p = 0,9), hipertensão (74% vs. 59%, p = 0,1), diabetes melito (54% vs. 35%, p = 0,051), dislipidemia 26% vs. 24%, p = 0,8), tabagismo (57% vs. 65%, p = 0,4). A prevalência de placa carotídea foi maior no grupo 1 (48,6% vs. 28,9%, p = 0,04). A correlação de Pearson entre o ITB e a MCMI foi de - 0,235, com valor de p = 0,01. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com ITB < 0,9 apresentaram maior prevalência de aterosclerose carotídea. Houve correlação negativa entre o ITB e a MCMI.

BACKGROUND: The association between the ankle brachial index (ABI) and the measurement of intimal medial thickness (IMT) has not been fully studied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was higher in patients with ABI < 0.9 than in those with ABI > 0.9. METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2011, 118 patients (48 men and 70 women) were enrolled. ABI and IMT Measurements were performed in all patients. Patients were divided in Group 1 (ABI < 0.9) and Group 2 (ABI > 0.9) according to ABI values. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fischer tests were used for comparison among the groups. Pearson's correlation was used to assess correlation between ABI and IMT. RESULTS: The prevalence of ABI < 0.9 was 29.7%, whereas carotid atherosclerosis > 1.5 mm was 34.7 %. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups 1 and 2: mean age (64 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 7.2 years, p = 0.1), male gender (40% vs. 41%, p = 0.9), hypertension (74% vs. 59%, p = 0.1), diabetes mellitus (54% vs. 35%, p = 0.051), dyslipidemia (26% vs. 24%, p = 0.8), smoking (57% vs. 65%, p = 0.4). The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was higher in group 1 (48.6% vs. 28.9%, p = 0.04). Pearson's correlation between ABI and IMT was -0.235, with a p value = 0.01. CONCLUSION: Patients with ABI < 0.9 showed a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis. There was a negative correlation between ABI and IMT.

Association between ankle-brachial index and carotid atherosclerotic disease.

BACKGROUND: The association between the ankle brachial index (ABI) and the measurement of intimal medial thickness (IMT) has not been fully studied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was higher in patients with ABI < 0.9 than in those with ABI > 0.9. METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2011, 118 patients (48 men and 70 women) were enrolled. ABI and IMT Measurements were performed in all patients. Patients were divided in Group 1 (ABI < 0.9) and Group 2 (ABI > 0.9) according to ABI values. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fischer tests were used for comparison among the groups. Pearson's correlation was used to assess correlation between ABI and IMT. RESULTS: The prevalence of ABI < 0.9 was 29.7%, whereas carotid atherosclerosis > 1.5 mm was 34.7 %. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups 1 and 2: mean age (64 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 7.2 years, p = 0.1), male gender (40% vs. 41%, p = 0.9), hypertension (74% vs. 59%, p = 0.1), diabetes mellitus (54% vs. 35%, p = 0.051), dyslipidemia (26% vs. 24%, p = 0.8), smoking (57% vs. 65%, p = 0.4). The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was higher in group 1 (48.6% vs. 28.9%, p = 0.04). Pearson's correlation between ABI and IMT was -0.235, with a p value = 0.01. CONCLUSION: Patients with ABI < 0.9 showed a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis. There was a negative correlation between ABI and IMT.

Análise do reprocessamento de cateteres de hemodinâmica em um capital brasileira / Analysis reprocessing hemodynamic catheters in a brazilian state capital

Fundamentos: O reprocessamento de dispositivos de uso único (DUU) é realizado tanto em países desenvolvidos como naqueles em desenvolvimento, face ao elevado custo desses materiais. No Brasil, estudos sobre o reprocessamento de DUU são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e as condições do reprocessamento de cateteres de hemodinâmica na cidade do recife, PE - Brasil. Métodos: Estudos transversal. Foram avaliados quatro hospitais da rede pública e seis da rede privada, e entrevistados 10 enfermeiros e 82 técnicos de enfermagem dos setores de hemodinâmica. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se um questinário. resultados: Todos os hospitais pesquisados reprocessam cateteres. Apenas um deles realiza todas as etapas do reprocessamento na própria instituição. Na maioria dos hospitais, os cateteres são reutilizados, em média, quatro vezes. Observou-se significativa divergência nas respostas fornecidas pelos enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem, o que reflete a falta de padronização das técnicas utilizadas no reprocessamento. A maioria dos profissionais já detectou fraturas e tortuosidades nos cateteres reprocessados. A preparação enzimática é utilizada por mais de 80% dos técnicos para a limpeza dos cateteres. Em relação à limpeza do lúmen, não houve uniformidade entre as respostas fornecidas pelos profissionais. Embora a maioria dos profissionaios utilize a água da torneira para o enxágue dos cateteres, as técnicas utilizadas são bastantes diversificadas. Testes para verificação de materiais pirogênicos não são executados em todos os materiais reprocessado. Conclusão: Todos os serviços avaliados reprocessam cateteres de hemodinâmica, entretanto as técnicas utilizadas não são padronizadas.

Background: Reprocessing single-use devices (SUDs) is a practice found in the developed countries and in developing countries as well, due to the high costs of these items. In Brazil, there are few studies on reprocessing hemodynamic catheters. Objective: To evaluated the prevalence and conditions for reprocessing hemodynamic catheters in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluates four government hospitals, and six private hospitals, interviewing 10 nurses and 82 nursing technicians working in the hemodynamics sectors. Data was gathered through a questionnaire. Results: All the hospitals surveyed reprocessing stages in-house. at most of these hospitals, catheters are reused four times on average. Significant differences in the replies provided by the nurses and nursing technicians were noted, reflecting a lack of standardization in the reprocessing techiques. Most of these practitioners had already detected fractures and twists in reprocessed catheters. Enzyme preparations were used by more than 80% of the technicians for cleaning the catheters, with no uniformity on cleaning the lumen in their replies. Although most of the used tap water to rinse the catheters, the techniques used varied greatly. Tests to check pyrogenic materials were not performed on all the reprocessed materials. Conclusion: All of the evaluated hospital units reprocessed hemodynamic catheters, although the techniques used are not standardized.

Interferência de introdutores reprocessados na oclusão da artéria radial após cateterismo cardíaco / Interference of reprocessed introducers in radial artery occlusion after cardiac catheterization

INTRODUÇÃO: A oclusão da artéria radial (OAR) é uma complicação clinicamente silenciosa do cateterismo transradial, mas pode predispor à isquemia da mão. Fatores associados a essa complicação conhecidos são o calibre dos introdutores e cateteres, a dose de heparina utilizada, o número de reutilizações da artéria radial e o tipo de curativo compressivo aplicado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe associação entre a utilização de introdutores vasculares hidrofílicos reprocessados e a OAR. MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidos a cateterismo transradial foram randomizados para introdutores novos (Grupo I - GI) ou reprocessados (Grupo II - GII). A presença de OAR foi avaliada em 24 horas (precoce) e 30 dias (tardia), por meio do teste de Barbeau reverso. RESULTADOS: Foram alocados 228 pacientes no GI (n = 100) e no GII (n = 128). A idade foi de 60,1 ± 10,6 anos vs. 59,4 ± 10,9 anos (P = 0,64), 49% vs. 35,2% (P = 0,03) eram do sexo feminino e 25% vs. 27,3% (P = 0,70) eram diabéticos. Observaram-se incidências totais de OAR precoce de 10,5% e de 9,1% para OAR tardia. Dez pacientes do GI (10%) apresentaram OAR precoce, comparados a 14 (10,9%) do GII (χ² = 0,05; RR = 1,09; P = 0,82). Na avaliação de 30 dias, foi encontrada OAR em 6 pacientes do GI (7,5%) comparados a 11 pacientes (10,4%) do GII (χ² = 0,45; RR = 1,38; P = 0,50). CONCLUSÕES: Na casuística estudada, não foi encontrada associação entre a reutilização de introdutores vasculares e a OAR precoce e tardia em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is a clinically silent complication of transradial catheterization but may predispose to hand ischemia. Factors associated with this complication are the diameter of catheters and sheaths, the dose of heparin, repeated transradial procedures and the type of compressive dressing applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is an association between reused hydrophilic vascular introducers and RAO. METHODS: Patients undergoing transradial catheterization were randomized to receive brand new introducers (Group I - GI) or reprocessed introducers (Group II - GII). The presence of RAO was evaluated at 24 hours (early) and day 30 (late) with the reverse Barbeau test. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were assigned to GI (n = 100) and GII (n = 128). Mean age was 60.1 ± 10.6 years vs. 59.4 ± 10.9 years (P = 0.64), 49% vs. 35.2% (P = 0.03) were female and 25% vs. 27.3% (P = 0.70) were diabetic. An total early RAO incidence of 10.5% and a late RAO incidence of 9.1% were observed. Ten GI patients (10%) had early RAO when compared to 14 (19.9%) in GII (χ² = 0.05; HR: 1.09; P = 0.82). On the 30-day follow-up RAO was observed in 6 GI patients (7.5%) when compared to 11 GII patients (10.4%) (χ² = 0.45; HR = 1.38; P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: In our study no association was found between reused vascular introducers and early and late RAO in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Cardiac evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease: what lessons?

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experiment a synergistic effect of the traditional and the emerging uremia-related risk factors for atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: Draw the epidemiologic profile of a group of CKD patients who underwent cardiac evaluation. METHODS: Symptomatic patients, patients with ischemia on myocardial scintigraphy and/or systolic dysfunction on echocardiography, patients older than 50 years and diabetes mellitus (DM) as a cause of CKD, and those with two or more risk factors underwent coronary angiography. Asymptomatic, non-diabetic patients and patients with no risk factors were investigated with echocardiography. Those with a single risk factor were investigated with echocardiography and scintigraphy. RESULTS: 46 patients (58.7% men) were enrolled. Their mean age was 50.7 ± 11.7 years. 91.3% were on dialysis, for 61.96 ± 55.1 months. Hypertension was the cause of CKD in 56.5%. Of the 28 patients (60.9%) who underwent angiography, 53.6% had coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients were divided into three groups: those with CAD (A), those without CAD (B) and those who didn't undergo coronary angiography (C). A significant difference occurred only between groups B and C, as regards an abnormal ABI (p = 0.026), with no ABI abnormality in group C, and as regards the mean age, which was higher in group B (p = 0.045). In group A, 53.3% of the patients were in the preoperative stage of parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the high rate of cardiovascular disorders, including CAD, in patients with CKD, especially those on dialysis.

Avaliação cardiológica de pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica: quais as lições? / Cardiac evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease: what lessons?

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam sinergismo entre fatores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose e emergentes derivados do estado urêmico. OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico de um grupo de pacientes com DRC submetido à avaliação cardiológica. MÉTODOS: Pacientes sintomáticos - com isquemia em cintilografia miocárdica e/ou disfunção sistólica ao ecodopplercardiograma - com idade maior que 50 anos e diabetes mellitus (DM) como causa da DRC e aqueles com dois ou mais fatores de risco ateroscleróticos realizaram cineangiocoronariografia. Assintomáticos - não diabéticos e sem fatores de risco - foram investigados com ecodopplercardiograma e aqueles com único fator de risco, por meio de ecodopplercardiograma e cintilografia. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 46 pacientes, 58,7% homens, idade de 50-70 ± 11,7 anos, 91,3% dialíticos. Tempo de hemodiálise: 61,96 ± 55,1 meses. Hipertensão arterial foi causa da DRC em 56,5%. Dos 28 pacientes (60,9%) submetidos à cineangiocoronariografia, 53,6% apresentaram doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: com DAC (A), sem DAC (B) e não submetidos à cineangiocoronariografia (C). Diferença significativa ocorreu entre os Grupos B e C na frequência de índice tibiobraquial (ITB) anormal (p = 0,026), com ausência de ITB anormal no Grupo C e na média de idade, superior no B (p = 0,045). No Grupo A, 53,3% dos pacientes estavam em avaliação pré-paratireoidectomia (PTX). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo confirmou a alta frequência de alterações cardiovasculares, inclusive de DAC, nos pacientes portadores de DRC, principalmente naqueles em diálise.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experiment a synergistic effect of the traditional and the emerging uremia-related risk factors for atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: Draw the epidemiologic profile of a group of CKD patients who underwent cardiac evaluation. METHODS: Symptomatic patients, patients with ischemia on myocardial scintigraphy and/or systolic dysfunction on echocardiography, patients older than 50 years and diabetes mellitus (DM) as a cause of CKD, and those with two or more risk factors underwent coronary angiography. Asymptomatic, non-diabetic patients and patients with no risk factors were investigated with echocardiography. Those with a single risk factor were investigated with echocardiography and scintigraphy. RESULTS: 46 patients (58.7% men) were enrolled. Their mean age was 50.7 ± 11.7 years. 91.3% were on dialysis, for 61.96 ± 55.1 months. Hypertension was the cause of CKD in 56.5%. Of the 28 patients (60.9%) who underwent angiography, 53.6% had coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients were divided into three groups: those with CAD (A), those without CAD (B) and those who didn't undergo coronary angiography (C). A significant difference occurred only between groups B and C, as regards an abnormal ABI (p = 0.026), with no ABI abnormality in group C, and as regards the mean age, which was higher in group B (p = 0.045). In group A, 53.3% of the patients were in the preoperative stage of parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the high rate of cardiovascular disorders, including CAD, in patients with CKD, especially those on dialysis.

Pre-hospital attitudes adopted by patients faced with the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction.

This case series aimed to evaluate the behavior adopted by patients during the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A total of 115 AMI sufferers with ST-segment elevation were evaluated. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied. The individuals that did not associate the symptoms with cardiovascular disease most often attributed them to the following sources: gastrointestinal (38%), musculoskeletal (29.7%), food and/or medication poisoning (8.5%) and arising from the respiratory apparatus (6.3%). The proportion of major outcomes and of patients that arrived in the emergency department after 12 hours was higher among women, individuals with monthly income of up to one minimum wage, those who used analgesics and did not associate the symptoms with cardiovascular disease. It was found that individuals in unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, who interpreted the symptoms incorrectly, arrived later at the emergency department and had worse intra-hospital outcomes.

Pre-hospital attitudes adopted by patients faced with the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction / Atitudes pré-hospitalares adotadas por pacientes frente aos sintomas de infarto agudo do miocárdio / Actitudes prehospitalarias adoptadas por pacientes frente a los síntomas de infarto agudo del miocardio

This case series aimed to evaluate the behavior adopted by patients during the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A total of 115 AMI sufferers with ST-segment elevation were evaluated. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied. The individuals that did not associate the symptoms with cardiovascular disease most often attributed them to the following sources: gastrointestinal (38 percent), musculoskeletal (29.7 percent), food and/or medication poisoning (8.5 percent) and arising from the respiratory apparatus (6.3 percent). The proportion of major outcomes and of patients that arrived in the emergency department after 12 hours was higher among women, individuals with monthly income of up to one minimum wage, those who used analgesics and did not associate the symptoms with cardiovascular disease. It was found that individuals in unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, who interpreted the symptoms incorrectly, arrived later at the emergency department and had worse intra-hospital outcomes.

Esta série de casos teve o objetivo de avaliar as condutas adotadas pelos pacientes, durante a fase pré-hospitalar do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Avaliaram-se 115 indivíduos portadores de IAM, com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. Os indivíduos que não associaram os sintomas à doença cardiovascular atribuíram, mais frequentemente, às seguintes origens: gastrointestinal (38 por cento), osteomuscular (29,7 por cento), intoxicação alimentar e/ou medicamentosa (8,5 por cento) e decorrentes do aparelho respiratório (6,3 por cento). A proporção de desfechos maiores e de pacientes que chegaram à emergência após 12 horas foi mais elevada entre mulheres, indivíduos com renda mensal de até um salário mínimo, que usaram analgésicos e não associaram os sintomas à doença cardiovascular. Constatou-se que indivíduos em condições socio-conômicas desfavoráveis, que interpretaram os sintomas de forma incorreta, chegaram mais tardiamente à emergência e apresentaram piores desfechos intra-hospitalares.

Esta serie de casos tuvo el objetivo de evaluar las conductas adoptadas por los pacientes durante la fase prehospitalaria del infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM). Se evaluaron 115 individuos portadores de IAM con el segmento ST supradesnivelado. Fue aplicada la prueba Chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Los individuos que no asociaron los síntomas a la enfermedad cardiovascular la atribuyeron más frecuentemente a los siguientes orígenes: gastrointestinal (38 por ciento), osteomuscular (29,7 por ciento), intoxicación alimentar y/o medicamentosa (8,5 por ciento) y provenientes del aparato respiratorio (6,3 por ciento). La proporción de resultados más graves y de pacientes que llegaron a la emergencia después de 12 horas fue más elevada entre mujeres, individuos con renta mensual de hasta un salario mínimo, que usaron analgésicos y no asociaron los síntomas a la enfermedad cardiovascular. Se constató que individuos en condiciones socioeconómicas desfavorables, que interpretaron los síntomas de forma incorrecta, llegaron más tarde a la emergencia y presentaron peores resultados intrahospitalarios.

Hemostasia após procedimentos percutâneos em pacientes idosos: compressão manual versus mecânica / Hemostasis after percutaneous procedures in elderly patients: manual versus mechanical compression

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A expectativa de vida está aumentando no mundo. Mais idosos estão se submetendo a procedimentos endovasculares percutâneos, no entanto a ocorrênciade complicações vasculares na área de acesso pode afetar o prognóstico destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as taxas de complicações vasculares na área de acesso femoral em idosos submetidos à hemostasia, mecânica ou clássica da artériafemoral após procedimentos percutâneos. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, aleatório, 1:1, que envolveu 110 pacientes recrutados entre novembro de 2009 e dezembrode 2010. Foram avaliadas as seguintes complicações vasculares: hematoma, equimose, fístula arteriovenosa, pseudoaneurisma, hematoma retroperitoneal e oclusão vascular periférica. P < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: Considerando os grupos de compressão manual e mecânica respectivamente: a média de idade foi 69,6 ± 7,3 versus 67,8 ± 6,7 anos p = 0,2. As taxas de complicações vasculares maiores na fase hospitalar (0% versus 1,8%, p = 1,0) e no seguimento de sete dias (0% versus 1,8%, p = 0.5). No seguimento clínico de sete dias foi observado que a taxa total de complicações vasculares foi maior no grupo da compressão manual (64% versus 41,8%, p = 0.02) bem como a taxa de pacientes com complicações vasculares nessa técnica (48% versus 27,3%, p = 0,03). A taxa de complicações vasculares menores não foi diferente para os grupos nos dois períodos de observação. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença nas taxas de complicações vasculares (maior ou menor) entre as técnicas hemostáticas. No seguimento de sete dias, a taxa total de complicações vasculares e de pacientes com estas complicações foi menor no uso da técnica mecânica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Life expectancy is increasing worldwide. More elderly people are undergoing percutaneous endovascular procedures and the occurrence of vascular complications in the site access can adversely affect the patient's prognosis. This study to compare the rates of vascular complicationsin elderly patients submitted to mechanical or classical hemostasis of the femoral artery after percutaneous procedures. METHOD: A prospective, randomized, 1:1 study, which involved 110 patients, recruited between November/09 and December/10. The following vascular complications were assessed: hematoma, ecchymosis, arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm, retroperitoneal hematoma, peripheral vascular occlusion. Was considered to be statically significant p < 0.05. RESULTS: Considering manual and mechanical compression groups respectively: the mean age was 69.6 ± 7.3 v 67.8 ± 6.7 years, p = 0.2. The rates of major vascular complications were in the hospital phase (0% versus 1.8%, p = 1.0) and the seven days follow-up (0% versus 1.8%, p = 0.5). It was observed in the clinical follow-up after seven days that the total rate of vascular complications was higher in the manual compression group (64%versus 41.8%, p = 0.02), as was the rate of patients who suffered complications with this technique (48% versus 27.3%, p = 0.03).The rate of minor vascular complications was not different for the groups in the two periods of observation. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the rates of vascular complications (major or minor) between the hemostatics techniques. At seven day follow-up the total rates of vascular complications and the number of patients with vascular complications were smaller in the mechanical technique.

Diabetes mellitus e aterosclerose: noções básicas da fisiopatologia para o clínico geral: [revisão] / Diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis: basic pathophysiology for physicians: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O numero de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM) tem crescido de forma marcante nos últimos anos e as expectativas são que esse crescimento torne-se ainda mais intenso nos próximos anos. A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é responsável pela maioria das mortes dos pacientes diabéticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os aspectos básicos mais relevantes da doença cardiovascular nos diabéticos com especial ênfase à DAC. CONTEÚDO: Foram abordados os aspectos epidemiológicos do DM, e, especialmente a prevalência das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e a ocorrência de eventos clínicos decorrentes da DAC. Discutiram-se algumas características anatômicas e fisiopatológicas da DAC na população geral e enfatizaram-se alguns aspectos peculiares dessa doença em portadores de DM. CONCLUSÃO: A fisiopatologia da DAC nos diabéticos difere em alguns aspectos daquela de outros pacientes. Não há dúvidas que o DM acelere a aterosclerose coronariana e que os diabéticos são um subgrupo de pacientes de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased a lot and there is expectation that this increases more in the next years. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death in diabetic patients. The goal of this review is describes some characteristics of the cardiovascular disease in diabetics emphasizing CAD. CONTENTS: We present epidemiological main aspects of the diabetes mellitus with special attention to prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its clinical events. We discuss anatomical and pathophysiological characteristics of the cardiovascular disease (CAD) in general population, emphasizing special considerations about this disease in diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: There is difference in the pathophysiology between diabetic and non-diabetics patients. Do not existing doubt that DM accelerates CAD and diabetics are a group of patients at high risk of coronary clinical events.

Diagnóstico recente da hipertensão e componentes da síndrome metabólica em comunidade de mulheres aparentemente sadias / Newly diagnosed hypertension and components of the metabolic syndrome inapparently healthy women community

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome metabólica envolve obesidade central e resistência à insulina. Não existem estudos com dados representativos da síndrome metabólica na população brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar que proporção de mulheres obesas, com diagnóstico recente de hipertensão e obesas normotensas, tem hiperinsulinemia, intolerância à glicose, hipertrigliceridemia e concentrações diminuídas do HDL-colesterol. MÉTODO: O estudo abrangeu 893 mães de estudantes de Jaboatão dos Guararapes, PE, sendo incluídas as obesascom diagnóstico recente de hipertensão (Grupo H1 = 34 ±1 anos de idade; Grupo H2 = 55 ± 1 anos de idade). Como grupo controle (Grupo C = 30 ± 1 anos de idade) estudou-se as normotensas obesas. Os critérios para diagnóstico de componentes da síndrome metabólica foram: relação cintura quadril (RCQ > 0,80); intolerância à glicose (glicemiade jejum ≥110 e < 126 mg/dL); teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG ≥ 140 mas < 200 mg/DL); triglicérides ≥ 150 mg/dL (TRI); HDL-col < 50 mg/dL; hiperinsulinemia (jejum ≥ 15uIUmL); insulina/glicose (I/G) de 2 h > 0,3. RESULTADOS: A insulinemia (I/G) foi significantemente maior (p < 0,05) entre as hipertensas dos grupos H1 e H2(média ± DP do I/G = 0,227 e 0,330, respectivamente) quando comparadas ao grupo C (0,100) bem como a trigliceridemia (129,8 ± 27 no grupo H2) quando comparada ao grupo C (84,5 ± 6,1). Nos três grupos (H1; H2 e C) oHDL – col era 49,6 ± 2; 48 ± 4 e 48 ± 1 e a relação C/Q era 0,81; 0,84 e 0,81, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem que a síndrome metabólica é comum entre as mulheres de Jaboatão dos Guararapes. Entre as hipertensas, a intolerância à glicose e hiperinsulinemia estão de acordo com os dados da literatura em relação à síndrome metabólica.

[Multivoxel spectroscopy with short echo time: choline/N-acetyl-aspartate ratio and the grading of cerebral astrocytomas]. / Espectroscopia multivoxel com tempo de eco curto: a razão colina/N-acetil-aspartato e a graduação dos astrocitomas cerebrais.

The choline/N-acetyl-aspartate (Cho/NAA) ratio, obtained by the multivoxel spectroscopy with short echo time (TE), was evaluated, in the histological grading of the brain astrocytomas (grades I, II and III-IV) in comparison with the normal cerebral parenchyma. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the average ratios of Cho/NAA was observed in the three astrocytoma groups studied in relation to normal tissue, having a tendency to increase with the increase in grading, without any statistic significance, which corresponded to: 0.53+/-0.24 in the control group, 1.19+/-0.49 in grade I, 1.58+/-0.65 in grade II and 5.13+/-8.12 in the high grade group (grades III-IV), with variation in the values encountered. There was an increase in the Cho/NAA ratio in 4/5 (80%) in grade I, 5/6 (83%) in grade II and 10/20 (50%) in grades III and IV. We conclude that multivoxel spectroscopy with short TE can be used in discriminating between normal parenchyma and neoplasm tissue. However, not all neoplasm tissue studied presented an increase in Cho/NAA, especially in the group with higher grade of malignancy.

Origem anômala das artérias coronárias: [revisão] / Anomalous origin of coronary arteries: [review]

A origem anômala das artérias coronárias é uma doença potencialmente letal, sobretudo em lactentes e atletas jovens. O entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença permitiu a diferenciação entre as diferentes apresentações clínicas. Apesar de ser causa de isquemia miocárdica, os exames indutores de isquemia podem ser normais. A cineangiocoronariografia foi durante muito tempo considerada o exame ideal para o diagnóstico da doença, mas os exames de imagem cardiovascular não-invasivos têm mostrado uma melhor definição da origem e do trajeto das artérias coronararias. O tratamento cirúrgico deve ser indicado em pacientes sintomáticos, principalmente em crianças com origem anômala da artéria coronária esquerda da artéria pulmonar. O manejo ideal para os pacientes assintomáticos permanece indefinido.

The anomalous origin of the coronary arteries is a potentially lethal pathology, especially in neonates and young athletes. The understanding of the pathophysiological pattern of the disease has allowed the recognition of the different forms of clinical presentation. Despite being a cause of myocardial ischemia, functional tests can be normal. Coronary angiography used to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of this pathology, but non-invasive cardiovascular imaging tests have shown better definition of the origin and course of coronary arteries. Surgical treatment should be indicated for symptomatic patients, mainly in children with the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The ideal management of asymptomatic patients remains undefined.

Espectroscopia multivoxel com tempo de eco curto: a razão colina/N-acetil-aspartato e a graduação dos astrocitomas cerebrais / Multivoxel spectroscopy with short echo time: choline/N-acetyl-aspartate ratio and the grading of cerebral astrocytomas

Avaliou-se a relação colina/N-acetil-aspartato (Co/NAA), obtida pela espectroscopia multivoxel com tempo de eco (TE) curto, na graduação histológica dos astrocitomas encefálicos (graus I, II e III-IV), comparando com o parênquima cerebral normal. Observou-se aumento significativo (p<0,05) das relações médias de Co/NAA nos três grupos de astrocitomas estudados em relação ao tecido normal, havendo tendência de elevação com o aumento da graduação, sem significância estatística, que correspondeu a: 0,53±0,24 no grupo controle, 1,19±0,49 no grau I, 1,58±0,65 no grau II e 5,13±8,12 no grupo de alto grau (graus III-IV). Houve aumento da relação Co/NAA em 4/5 (80 por cento) dos pacientes com grau I, 5/6 (83 por cento) com grau II e 10/20 (50 por cento) com graus III e IV. Concluiu-se que a espectroscopia multivoxel com TE curto pode ser usada na discriminação entre o parênquima normal e o tecido neoplásico. Entretanto, nem todo tecido neoplásico estudado apresentou aumento da relação Co/NAA, principalmente o grupo com maior malignidade.

The choline/N-acetyl-aspartate (Cho/NAA) ratio, obtained by the multivoxel spectroscopy with short echo time (TE), was evaluated, in the histological grading of the brain astrocytomas (grades I, II and III-IV) in comparison with the normal cerebral parenchyma. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the average ratios of Cho/NAA was observed in the three astrocytoma groups studied in relation to normal tissue, having a tendency to increase with the increase in grading, without any statistic significance, which corresponded to: 0.53±0.24 in the control group, 1.19±0.49 in grade I, 1.58±0.65 in grade II and 5.13±8.12 in the high grade group (grades III-IV), with variation in the values encountered. There was an increase in the Cho/NAA ratio in 4/5 (80 percent) in grade I, 5/6 (83 percent) in grade II and 10/20 (50 percent) in grades III and IV. We conclude that multivoxel spectroscopy with short TE can be used in discriminating between normal parenchyma and neoplasm tissue. However, not all neoplasm tissue studied presented an increase in Cho/NAA, especially in the group with higher grade of malignancy.

Arterial blood pressure in adolescents during exercise stress testing.

OBJECTIVE: Describe arterial blood pressure response in adolescents undergoing exercise stress testing. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 218 adolescents (131 of whom were males), aged between 10 to 19 years, undergoing exercise stress testing. Maximum heart rate, total exercise time, maximum oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) at rest, during maximal physical exertion and at six minutes of recovery were measured. RESULTS: At rest, SBP values were greater in males and no difference was found in DBP between genders, although both increased with age. During exercise, SBP rose and DBP fell in both genders. SBP variation was greater in men, particularly in those over 14 years of age. CONCLUSION: Analysis of results showed that during physical exercise, SBP had a direct relationship with the individuals age, weight, height and body mass index, whereas DBP bore a relationship to age only.

Echocardiography evaluation for asymptomatic patients with severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To study the systolic and diastolic function of asymptomatic patients with severe obesity using a Doppler echocardiography. METHODS: Thirty candidates for bariatric surgery, with an average BMI of 49.2 +/- 8.8 kg/m2 and no previous history of heart disease were evaluated through transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Enlarged left chambers were observed in 42.9% of the sample, diastolic dysfunction in 54.6% and left ventricular hypertrophy in 82.1%, of which 50% of the cases presented the geometric pattern of eccentric hypertrophy. Indexation of left ventricular mass to height resulted in a significantly higher number of diagnoses for hypertrophy than indexation to body surface area (p = 0.0053), demonstrating that this index is more appropriate to determine ventricular hypertrophy in obese people. Correlations between left ventricular hypertrophy with obesity duration and pressure levels were positive as well as correlations between body mass index and diastolic dysfunction indicators. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that echocardiograms performed on asymptomatic severely obese patients can detect alterations in the cardiac structure that are common in cases of obesity cardiomyopathy and can be associated with the development of heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death, enabling the identification of patients with greater cardiovascular risk [corrected]

Pulse pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring and its correlation to left ventricular mass index.

OBJECTIVE: Measure the systolic (SP), diastolic (DP) and pulse pressure (PP) using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and correlate its values with the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). METHODS: In 2004, 127 individuals underwent HBPM in a private clinic. A total of 83 of these also underwent an echocardiographic study in a period shorter than 6 months. After excluding those with dilated or ischaemic cardiomyopathy and those with mitral or aortic valvopathies, 72 patients were evaluated for the correlation between SP, DP and PP (SP minus DP) and the LVMI. RESULTS: The group's mean age was 51.9 +/- 17.3 years and the masculine gender represented 43% of their components. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.6 +/- 6 kg/m(2) and 53% of the patients were using antihypertensive drugs. The PS and PP correlated positively to the LVMI (r = 0.356; p = 0.002 e r = 0.429; p < 0.001, respectively). There was no correlation between DP and LVMI. CONCLUSION: The PS and the PP correlate positively to the LVMI.